Boeing 767 - 8446 Words

Harvard Business School 9-688-040 Rev. April 1, 1991 The Boeing 767: From Concept to Production (A) In August 1981, eleven months before the first scheduled delivery of Boeing’s new airplane, the 767, Dean Thornton, the program’s vice president-general manager, faced a critical decision. For several years, Boeing had lobbied the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for permission to build wide-bodied aircraft with two-, rather than three-person cockpits. Permission had been granted late in July. Unfortunately, the 767 had originally been designed with a three-person cockpit, and 30 of those planes were already in various stages of production. Thornton knew that the planes had to be converted to models with two-person cockpits. But†¦show more content†¦Buyers—primarily the 50 leading airlines around the world—used that knowledge to enhance their bargaining positions, often delaying orders until the last possible moment. Negotiations on price, design modifications, and after-sales parts and service became especially aggressive in the 1970s, when airlines that had been making steady profits began losing large sums of money. Cost savings became a dominant concern. As Richard Ferris, the CEO of United Airlines, remarked: â€Å"Don’t bug me about interior design or customer preference, just guarantee the seat-mile performance.†3 The Boeing Company Boeing was the sales leader of the airframe industry, as well as one of America’s leading exporters. It had built more commercial airplanes than any other company in the world. Sales in 1981 were $9.2 billion; of the total, $5.1 billion were ascribed to the Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, the firm’s aircraft manufacturing division. Other divisions produced missiles, rockets, helicopters, space equipment, computers and electronics. History The Boeing Company was founded in 1916 by William E. Boeing, the son of a wealthy timber man who had studied engineering at Yale. In its earliest days, the company built military aircraft for use in World War I. It began to prosper in the 1920s and 1930s, when the civil aviation market expanded, primarily because of the demand for mail carrying. At about that time, William Boeing issued a challengeShow MoreRelatedAir Canad Business Brief1711 Words   |  7 Pagescurrently 28 aircraft in operation. The usage of smaller aircraft bei ng deployed along main routes has helped the demand for economic aircraft travel. Bombardier remains the supplier of aircraft for Air Canada, as Boeing and Airbus wide-body aircraft, Airbus A319 aircraft and Boeing 767-300 aircraft remain in use. SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses †¢ Improved financial state †¢ Manageable debt †¢ Long time in industry †¢ Spread out task force; not easy to communicate †¢ Easier for functional chimneyRead MoreMarketing Plan For Airline Industry2400 Words   |  10 PagesAir Canada’s BOEING 787 costs 31% less in maintenance and fuel consumption when compared to BOEING 767. But BOEING 767-unit cost is 30% less than the mainline. Air Canada are trying to revamp their fleet sizes to reduce their operating cost. These are the adjustments Air Canada wants to implement in respect to their wide body fleet plan. We can see that they are moving away from the traditional 767 and want to move on to Rouge 767 and 787. Because by moving away from the traditional 767 they are goingRead MoreEmployee Performance Management System Essay807 Words   |  4 Pagesemployees. This process should not be taken lightly and must include significant elements to ensure that businesses comply with internal policies as well as with local, state and federal regulations. From the Captain in command of a 250,000 pound Boeing 767 aircraft, to the Marketing Specialist in charge of a new aa.com campaign, American Airlines employees represent a varied cross-section of talents, experiences and backgrounds. They have professionals in the air and on the ground consisting of customerRead MoreAOG Version Eight2313 Words   |  10 Pagestranscowl, see Figure 1.) The support assembly of the thrust reverser on the left engine on the CML19 has failed, causing the AOG. Support   Assembly   Transcowl Figure 1: Pylon and Nacelle System Aircraft CML19 is part of Latin Airlines’ fleet of Boeing 767 aircraft. (Each aircraft is assigned a unique identifier of three letters and two numerals.) When an aircraft is designated AOG, the aircraft is not airworthy and all flights assigned to that aircraft are cancelled until the problem(s) causing theRead MoreOrganizational Structure, Operational Efficiency, Internal Promotion And Employee Advancement1763 Words   |  8 Pagesachievements in 2014 †¢ Decrease adjusted CASM by 2.6% from 2013. †¢ Raise ancillary revenue per passenger by 10% from 2013. †¢ Continued to successfully extent Air Canada rouge, the airline’s economic leisure carrier. †¢ Allow Air Canada to operate existing Boeing 767 routes in a more cost-efficient manner and permitting the airline to pursue new, profitable international growth opportunities. †¢ Aligned the airline’s operations to industry standards to allow for a ratio of one flight attendant for every 50 passengerRead MoreA Study On Hawaiian Airlines1268 Words   |  6 Pagesmanageable as they are more fuel efficient than the 767s which were HA’s primary aircraft for many years. Hawaiian’s proposed fleet of 50 aircraft (via Figure 4) by the end of 2014 is a major factor in their current success. The arrival of the A330 has not only allowed for increased passenger loads but also for increased cargo loads. To add to that are the new expansion options possible due to the increased range of the A330 compared to the Boeing 767. As previously mentioned the newer A330s are projectedRead MoreKenya Airways2892 Words   |  12 Pages Passenger Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Options Passengers Notes C Y Total Boeing 737-300 6 — — 16 100 116 Boeing 737-700 4 — — 16 100 116 Boeing 737-800 5 — — 16 129 145 Boeing 767-300ER 6 — — 20 196 216 Boeing 777-200ER 4 — — 28 294 322 Boeing 777-300ER — 2[32] — TBA Boeing 787-8 — 9 4 TBA EIS: Fourth quarter 2013[27] Embraer 170 5 — — 8 64 72 Embraer 190 5 10[33] — 12 84 96 Cargo Fleet Boeing 747-400F — 1 — N/A EIS: October 2011[34] Total 35 22 4 (Web-2) Mission and visionRead MoreThe Advancement Of Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagescommercial platforms and Boeing. FADEC international, a mutual venture between Sagem and BAE Systems, is the sole manufacturer and supporter of FADEC 1 2 and 3. Its engines models includes: CF6-80C2, CFM56-5A and CFM56-5B. The two common aircrafts using FADEC 1 include Boeing 747, Boeing 767 and McDonnell Douglass MD11 (Commercial Aircraft Solutions, n.d.). FADEC 2 was first introduced in 1989 and was developed specifically for both wide and narrow-body aircrafts with Boeing and Airbus responsibleRead MoreThe Boeing 787 Dreamliner Essay examples878 Words   |  4 PagesThe Boeing 787 Dreamliner After all that has been said about the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, the airplane is set to revolutionize the airline industry. The 787 Dreamliner is more technologically advanced than its predecessors and will boast better performance, better fuel efficiency, and higher passenger comfort. To be honest, with all the new innovations the 787 Dreamliner is said to have, the airplane is quite a wonder. The question now: Can Boeing deliver? If Boeing succeeds, they will catapultRead MoreThe History of Boeing Company4812 Words   |  20 PagesCompany History: The Boeing Company is the largest aerospace company in the world, thanks to its 1997 merger with McDonnell Douglas Corporation and its 1996 purchase of the defense and space units of Rockwell International Corporation. The corporation is the world s number one maker of commercial jetliners and military aircraft. Boeing has more than 9,000 commercial aircraft in service worldwide, including the 717 through 777 families of jets and the MD-80, MD-90, and MD-11. In the defense sector

The Spread Of Internet Usage - 1725 Words

The spread of Internet usage has impacted the retail sector. As can be seen, many retailers began to use online channels, as they take advantage of one of the most successful platforms of trade (Limayem et al., 2000; Levy and Weitz, 2001; Shim et al., 2001). The growth of new online shopping channels catches the attention of consumers who have become excited to try this new platform. Although Internet shopping channels seem to be growing, the growth of grocery shopping via online has been slower than other forms of retail (Yan and Opperwal, 2006). As a result of this, much research into online grocery shopping has attempted to understand the underlying behaviour of grocery shopping via the Internet. The studies investigated several aspects such as customer adoption of online grocery shopping (Verhoef and Langerak, 2001; Hansen, 2005), consumer response to online grocery shopping (Morganosky and Cude, 2000), customers’ attitudes toward online grocery shopping (Ramus and Nielsen, 2005; Huang and Oppewal, 2006), and the Technology Adoption Model (TAM) (Kurnia and Chien, 2003; Ahn, 2005). TAM is very popular in explaining the adoption process of technology. There are various studies that applied TAM such as those studying health care systems (Holden and Karsh, 2010) and e-commerce acceptance (Pavlou, 2003). Being an example of technological advancement, online grocery shopping can thus be studied through this lens. According to earlier research into factors that impactShow MoreRelatedGreater Access to the Internet Has Enabled Buyers to Search More Easily for Information About Potential Suppliers of Goods and Services. This Has Significantly Affected Many Industries, Such as Insurance, Banking,859 Words   |  4 Pagesaccess to the internet has enabled buyers to search more easily for information about potential suppliers of goods and services. This has significantly affected many industries, such as insurance, banking, retailing and travel. To what extent do you think that increased internet usage inevitably reduces producers’ profits? Justify your answer with reference to organizations and/or industries that you know. Over the past decade, Shopping on the internet has skyrocketed with internet sales reachingRead MoreInternet Usage Addiction1079 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Usage The internet refers basically to the worldwide interconnection of computer networks that use a standard protocol called internet protocol suite. The internet serves several billion people worldwide and has become the most preferred mode of communication between people from different parts of the world. This has led to it rampant usage and as much as it has noticeable benefits, its limitations cannot be overlooked either. Internet addiction in teenagers or to say adolescents has beenRead MoreThe Effects Of Internet On The Internet1520 Words   |  7 PagesEver since the Internet was first introduced to the world, its usage has been increasing each year, as advancing technology makes it more accessible to the public. The increased usage of the Internet has created an Internet-dominated society. With the Internet becoming such a used tool, many people have grown dependent on the Internet for their daily lives. This dependency and over-usage of the Internet sometimes leads to negative s ymptoms, many which are similar to those of addictions. The WorldRead MoreTechnology And Technology842 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet and technology usage in classrooms has both a positive and a negative influence upon students. Students have a better opportunity for learning due to the wide variety of apps and the usage of the search engine to help students find more information and learn more. The negative effect that technology has upon students is reflected in their school work and education, also causing students to get addicted and finding the constant need to be texting. In classrooms, students could go on otherRead MoreHow Internet Slangs Affect language?889 Words   |  4 Pagesuse of Internet slangs within the age group ranging from 14 to 30, which most of the people within this age group is contacting with Internet slangs most frequently. For the questionnaire, we interviewed one hundred people and student in City University of Hong Kong, and half of interviewees are boys while the others are girls. The template of questi onnaire is attached as appendix for reference, and the result and data collected are shown as below. It is expected that the use of Internet slangsRead MoreThe Italian Republic956 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizations like RWB (Reporters Without Borders) journalists calling them â€Å"Enemies of the Internet† and some blocking common websites such as Google web based services, many nations have been accused of over censoring the internet and also keeping a stringent authority by closely monitoring any activity their citizens do on the world wide web. Over 4.6 billion people around the globe do not have access to the internet.2400 sites have been shut down and censored by nations that contain policit forums, worldRead MoreCyber World: Charms and Challenges1500 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst step towards the same path. The Internet is something that mankind feels to be an essential part of the life. We are living an era where life would nearly come to a standstill without the use of this technology. We have got into the trap of this cyber world, for which we have created the entrance, but now trapped into the maze to search for the exit. Era of Computers and Internet ar Ad ar sh The present era of Computers, laptop, androids, Internet etc. is making the human its slaves. WeRead MoreSocial Media And The Arab Spring1447 Words   |  6 Pagesand Salem, the amount social media usage increased immensely during the Arab Spring period from January 1 to March 30. The number of Facebook users in the Arab nations had almost doubled, up from 14,791,972 (as of April 2010) to 27,711,503 (as of April 2011) (Mourtada and Salem 9). Similarly, in the first three months of 2011, the number of tweets increased from 55 million to 155 million a day (Mourtada and Salem 15). This increase in social media usage was to spread awareness regarding the Arab SpringRead MoreDigital Crime and Terrorism Case Study Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagestransact a lot through the internet are at risk of falling prey to cyber criminals and therefore more computer crime laws need to be enacted to seal loopholes that exist in enforcing the law. Privacy laws should be updated to include activities that are done through the web and this will help law enforcers to deal with cyber criminals who gain access to documents and information that they are not entitled to (Taylor, Caeti, Fritsch, 2010, pp. 310-312). Forecast 2: Internet fraud and identity theft Read MoreMalware ( Malicious Software )1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe Internet has extended its reach over the last 15-20 years, so is malware (malicious software). Also it has evolved and become more complex and applying new tricks every day. Early forms of malware sought to generate attacks on basic areas of computer systems, but today its aims are increasingly evil, focusing on theft and other illicit activities. Malware has become much more of a concern for organizations; Today, in addition to individual computers and the networks of organizations both large

Approximately Free Essays

Chapter 9 1)Approximately how much water do you need each day to stay healthy? Water constitutes 50% to 70% of the human body. Its unique chemical properties enable it to dissolve substances as well as serve as medium for chemical reactions, temperature regulation and lubrication (found in the knees and other joints of the body); it also aids in regulating the acid base balance in the body. It helps remove waste from the body and is the basis for saliva, bile and amniotic fluid. We will write a custom essay sample on Approximately or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is clear that obtaining the proper daily intake of water is extremely important. For adults daily water needs are estimated at 2. 7 liters (11 cups) for adult women to 3. 7 liters (15 cups) for adult men, total water is a combination of fluids and food. For fluid alone this corresponds to at 2. 2 liters of water (9 cups) for women to 3 liters water (13 cups) for men per day. (Fluid intake does not have to be derived from water alone). Identify at least two situations that increase the need for water. ?Dehydration: Dehydration is triggered after the loss of water due to illness and drinking alcohol. The following are signs of the early stages of dehydration: dry mouth and lips, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, headache, elevated heart rate and fatigue. ?Thirst: If you do not drink enough water your brain lets you know by signaling thirst. Your brain communicates the need to drink. Thirst mechanism can lag behind actual water loss after a prolonged exercise and illness, as well as in older people. Children that are ill especially those with fever, diarrhea, vomiting and increased perspiration should be encouraged to take in adequate fluids. Then list three sources of water in the average person’s diet. ?Liquids: Beverages that we consume, such as water, milk, coffee, tea, soda and fruit juices. Beer and wine are also considered forms of water however – these should be consumed within healthy daily guidelines (2 for men and 1 for women). Plain water is considered by many experts to be the best source as it provides water intake without adding any calories – even though it doesn’t provide any other nutrients. ?Foods: Much of the food we consume has water. Many fruits and vegetables are more than 80% water. ?Metabolic Water: Water as a byproduct of metabolism. 2)What is the relationship with sodium and water balance, and how is that relationship monitored as well as maintained in the body? Sodium is the major positive ion found outside cells and is essential to fluid balance and nerve impulse balance. The North American diet provides abundant sodium through processed foods and table salt. Table salt is chemically known as sodium chloride, it is 40% sodium and 60% chloride. The human body absorbs almost all sodium consumed. Once absorbed it becomes the major positive ion found outside of cells in extracellular fluid and is a key factor in retaining body water. Fluid balance throughout the body depends partly on the variation of sodium and other ion concentrations among the water containing components in the body. Sodium ions also function in nerve impulse conduction and absorption of nutrients like glucose. Both deficiency and toxicity can occur with sodium; the greater concern lies with toxicity. Sodium deficiency is less common than excess sodium since it is so readily available in the diet; many health problems can occur when either happens. Kidneys are essential for regulating the volume and composition of bodily fluids. Water balance is achieved by ensuring that the amount of water consumed and generated by metabolism equals the amount of water excreted by the body. Consumption side is regulated by behavioral mechanisms which include thirst and salt cravings. Urine is produced not only to eliminate cellular waste products, but also to control the amount and composition of extracellular fluid. Controlling the amount of water and sodium as well as other chemicals is essential to life – our body controls this by producing various amounts of urine so that we can conserve water and chemicals when short in supply. Too much or too little water and/or salt in our bodies is dangerous. Therefore the amount of water and salt excreted in urine and the amount of urine excreted is adjusted to meet the needs of the body. 3)Identify four factors that influence the bioavailability of minerals from food. Food supplies us with many minerals, but the way in which our bodies are able to absorb them varies. The degree to which ingested nutrient is absorbed from food sources and is available to our body is called bioavailability. The bioavailability of minerals depends on many factors. The mineral content listed in food composition table for amount of a mineral in a food is just a starting point for estimating the actual contribution the food will make to our mineral needs. For example spinach contains much calcium but only 5% can be absorbed because of the vegetables high concentration of oxalic acid, a calcium binder. Usually 25% of calcium is absorbed by adults. Minerals from animal products are absorbed better as binders such as fiber in plant foods are not present to hinder absorption. The mineral content of plants greatly depends on mineral concentrations of the soil in which they are grown. Refined plant food has a lower content of minerals. Four factors that influence bioavailability of minerals from food are outlined below: ? Fiber -Mineral Interactions: Components of fiber, particularly phytic acid in grain fiber can limit absorption of some minerals by binding to them. Oxalic acid is another substance in plants that binds minerals and makes them less bioavailable. High-fiber diets can decrease the absorption of iron, zinc and possibly other minerals. ?Mineral-Mineral Interaction: Many mineral, such as magnesium, calcium, iron and copper are of similar sizes and the same electrical charge causes these minerals to compete with each other for absorption, and therefore they affect each other’s bioavailability. An excess of one mineral decrease the absorption and metabolism of other minerals. ?Vitamin-Mineral Interaction: Many beneficial vitamin-mineral interactions occur during nutrient absorption and metabolism. When consumed in conjunction with Vitamin C, absorption of certain forms of iron such as that in plant products improves. The active Vitamin D hormone improves calcium absorption. Many vitamins require specific minerals to act as components in their structure and functions. ?Mineral Toxicities: An excessive mineral intake, particularly of trace minerals (such as iron and copper) can have toxic results. For many trace minerals the gap between just enough and too much is quite small. Using mineral supplements should be closely monitored and should not exceed any upper level set on a term basis. The potential for toxicity is not the only reason to carefully consider the use of mineral supplements – there can also be harmful interactions with other nutrients, as well as the possibility of the supplements being contaminated. 5) In terms of total amounts in the body, calcium and phosphorous are the first and second most abundant minerals, respectively. What functions do these minerals have in common? Approximately 99% of calcium is found in the bones. In addition to its critical role in bones, it also functions in blood clotting muscle contraction, nerve-impulse transmission and cell metabolism. Calcium requires a slightly acid PH and the Vitamin D hormone for efficient absorption. Calcium deficiency is a major factor in osteoporosis. Approximately 85% of the body’s phosphorus is found in the bones – the remainder is found in the bloodstream and functions inside cells. Phosphorus is a component of enzymes, other key compounds, DNA, cell membrane and bone. The body efficiently absorbs phosphorus at about 70% of dietary intake. The high absorption rate and the availability of phosphorus in foods makes this mineral less important than calcium in dietary planning. The active Vitamin D enhances absorption. Although there is currently no specific disease associated with inadequate phosphorus intake, a deficiency may contribute to bone loss in older women. The functions that these two minerals have in common are that they are both critical to good bone health, have a cell function of sorts, the majority of each is found in the bones, and Vitamin D enhances the absorption of both. ? Chapter 10 1)How does greater physical fitness contribute to better overall health? Explain the process. Physical fitness has many health benefits. Physical fitness refers to the ability to perform moderate to vigorous activity without undue fatigue. The benefits of regular physical activity include, less injury, better sleep habits, reduced blood pressure, increased cardiovascular function and improved blood lipid profiles, aids in weight control/loss, increases muscle mass and strength, improves GI tract peristalsis, slows aging process, reduces risk of certain cancers, improves immune function, increases flexibility and balance, reduces stress and improves self-image, improves blood glucose, and strengthens bones and joints. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommends that all adults should be active to some extent – some activity is better than none. The Physical Activity Guidelines set specific time goals for adults – they are outlined below: ? For substantial health benefits, adults should do at least 150 minutes a week or moderate-intensity activity or 75 minutes of a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity aerobic activity. For additional health benefits, adults should increase aerobic activity to 300 minutes a week or moderate-intensity activity or 150 minutes of a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity aerobic activity. ?Adults should also include muscle strengthening activities that involve all major muscle groups at least two days a week. ?In order to stay with an exercise program the following are recommended: oStart s low oVary activities, make it fun oInclude friends and family Set specific and attainable goals and monitor progress oSet aside a specific time each day for exercise oReward yourself for keeping up with your goals oDon’t worry about occasional setbacks; keep focus on long-term health goals. 2)You have set a goal to increase muscle mass and decrease body fat. Plan a weekly fitness regime, specifying activity types, frequency, intensity, duration, and progression. Commitment is an important step in participating in a physical fitness program and is the first step in putting together a weekly fitness regimen. There are three main components to a good plan that will decrease body fat and increase muscle mass; aerobic, stretching/flexibility, and strength training. ?Aerobic: Aerobic exercise focuses on improving cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular health. oActivities: Walking, running, hiking, cycling, basketball, tennis, soccer, elliptical trainer, etc. o Duration: 20 to 60 minutes. oIntensity: 55% to 90% maximum heart rate or RPE of 4 or above. oFrequency: 5 days a week oProgression: Initiation Phase 3 to 6 weeks/Improvement Phase 5 to 6 months/Maintenance Phase plateau in gains in fitness. Stretching/Flexibility: Focuses on stretching muscles in an effort to maintain and increase mobility. oActivities: Yoga and stretching o Duration: 4 repetitions of 10 to 30 seconds per muscle group oFrequency: 2 to 3 days a week and during warm-up and cool down oIntensity: 5 to 10 minutes during warm-up and cool down oProgression: Start with smaller muscle groups (arms) and work toward large muscle gr oups (legs) ?Strength: Focuses on increasing or maintaining muscle mass through resistance exercise. oActivities: Weight lifting, Pilates, push-ups and ull-ups o Duration: 8 to 12 repetitions of 8 to 10 to different exercises oFrequency: 2 to 3 days a week oIntensity: Enough to condition major muscle groups of the upper and lower body. 3)How are carbohydrates, fat and protein used to supply energy during a 100-meter sprint, during a weight lifting session, during a 3-mile walk? Nutrients are converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) base on intensity and duration of any activity. Carbohydrates are the main nutrient for fueling exercise of moderate to high intensity, and fat providing energy during low intensity exercises. For example, fat is a great fuel for endurance events, but would not be good for 100-meter sprint. If exercising at a low intensity (50% of the max heart rate) you would have enough stored fat to fuel activity for hours or days as long as their sufficient oxygen to allow fat metabolism to occur. As the intensity of exercise increases, carbohydrate metabolism takes over. While it is more efficient than fat metabolism it has limited energy stores. This stored carbohydrate can fuel about two hours of moderate to high level exercise. One could continue with moderate to high intensity for longer by replenishing carbohydrate stores during exercise. If carbohydrates are not restored you will have to reduce your intensity and draw energy from fat. As exercise intensity continues to increase, carbohydrate metabolism efficiency drops and anaerobic metabolism kicks in – because the body can’t take in and distribute oxygen quickly enough to metabolism carbs or fat easily. Low amounts of protein are metabolized during all levels of exercise – slightly more in endurance exercise especially when carbohydrate fuel has been depleted. How to cite Approximately, Essay examples

Communications Theory Essay Example For Students

Communications Theory Essay Communications is that what binds the world. Even though it is easy to give a simple answer when asked what communications exactly is, it is difficult to explain it so that it is understood clearly. There is a lot you need to consider with it. There are different areas concerning communications and very diverse functions in this area. Through this research report we will have a glimpse in the world of communications and with it more knowledge and understanding about it. Corporate communication exists of different fields, which together have the purpose to make an image and identity of a company and its product. Corporate communication is a management instrument that combines all forms of direct communication and gears them for one another. Reputation is very important. The first goal of corporate communication is to improve the reputation of a company. A corporate reputation is a cognitive representation of a companys ability to meet the expectations of its stakeholders. A company benefits from a favourable reputation by becoming the first choice of customers, investors, suppliers and employees. A corporate reputation creates shareholder value, because it contributes in and of itself to the companys competitive position. A company benefits from its reputation, because:It improves cash flows and profitability;It acts like a barrier that impedes rivalry;It provides a company an enhanced license to operate; andIt raises a protective shield against downturns and crisis. A company which is specialised in corporate communication is for example: The Corporate Communication Centre. C.C.C. is a joint initiative of the Erasmus University (Rotterdam, The Netherlands) and the business community. The centre tries to co-ordinate all thecommunication activities within a company and gives advice on communication policies and the organisation of communication methods. C.C.C. also offers training in corporate communication, executive courses and in-company courses. Companies as Shell, Unilever, Compaq Computers and Ernst Young have a good reputation. They are multinational enterprises. They need a good reputation to be the number one in their field. Especially Shell, because its product (fuel, gasoline) is bad for the environment. But by introducing Shell Pura, which is better for the environment, Shell is different from other gas stations. This is an example of corporate communication. Corporate communication is found in all sectors of society. Think of hospitals, travel organisations, commercial services industries, industrial companies, universities, air companies, telecom companies and so on. Every company needs a specific image to be successful in their field. A professional magazine like Focus is a very important magazine. Each year, chief executives of the USs largest companies anxiously wait for the publication of Focus Magazines survey of Americas Most Admired Companies, the leading arbiter of corporate reputations. To be working in the field of corporate communication you will need skills as: Basic communication skills (presenting, organising, researching);Strategic issues management (stakeholder theory, strategic issues, strategic management);Strategic information technology planning (improving the effectiveness/competitiveness);Strategic external communication (communication campaigns);Economical psychology (explaining the behaviour of external stakeholders);Public affairs: European Political Environment;Investor relations (trust between a firm and its stakeholders);Corporate branding: (a distinguishment of a company to its rivals with its customers); andProfessions in the field of corporate communication are for example: Communications consultant, Marketer. A company hires you to improve their reputation. You can work in a lot of different companies. Think of a hospital, a university or Shell. You can do research for companies, like the C.C.C. You can work as a teacher of corporate communication. Marketing communication is the act of communicating with the target group concerning a new innovation or a service in a convincing manner. It also determines that all constraints (cultural diversity, media limitations, legal problems, and so forth) are controlled so the right message is communicated to and received by prospective consumers. Marketing communications involves advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, and public relations, the mutually reinforcing elements of the promotional mix. Once a product or service is developed to meet target markets needs and is properly distributed, indented customers must be informed of the product or service value and availability through advertising and promotion the ingredients in the marketing communication. Consumers respond in terms of their culture, lifestyle, feelings, value systems, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions. Because marketing communication or specifically advertisings function is to interpret or translate the need/want satisfying qualities of products or services in terms of consumer needs, wants, desire and aspirations, the emotional appeals, symbols, persuasive approaches, and other characteristics of an advertisement must coincide with cultural norms if it is to be effective. Marketing communication is very essential because it determine that all constraints (legal and cultural diversity, media limitations and so forth) are controlled so the right message is communicated and received by prospective consumers. Communication may fail for a variety of reasons: a message may not go through because of media inadequacy; the message may be received by prospective audience but may not be understood because of different cultural interpretations; or the message may reach the intended audience and may be understood but have no effect because the marketer did not correctly assess the needs and wants of the target market. The marketing communicator understands the communication process and uses it effectively to achieve the advertising and promotional goals and objectives of the company. Below is the communication process of the marketing communicatorEncoding message channel Noise Decoding Information source Receiver Feedback In the communication process, each of the seven identifiable segments can ultimately affect the accuracy of the process as illustrated, the process consist of:1.Encoding, information from the company to the target group. London8217s use of setting in 8220To Build a Fire8 EssayTo deliver good work as a visual communicator you have to be very creative. To succeed as a visual communicator you must have it in you, to put yourself into other people. If you cannot do this, you are not able to reach people, you want to reach them because you do not know what they want, need, think, etc. You cannot do the same thing twice in this field; you always have to come up with something different and refreshing. So you should always be in for a change and never stand still. A visual communicator also has to have a critical mind and the ability to solve problems. Knowledge how to transform information in a visual form is very important, as well as the ability to do that designing by using computers and other aids. We think that visual communication is very important for the field of communication. With visual communication you can reach a large audience as well as a small audience. You can also make it very clear for which group, for example the advertisements, are meant. People always like to be approached in a personal way. With visual communication they get this kind of approach very often. With this approach they can identify themselves with the product or service a company is offering. We think that the most important media (which is used on the field of visual communication) is nowadays the Internet. People can find really everything on it. There are lots of advertisements and things like little video clips and music to make a product or service more attractive and at the same time it chooses their target group, so people of this group will react on it. Also the television is still very important for this field. Almost everybody watches television everyday, so they feel that everything t hey see on it is very close and familiar to them, they get even more involved if they see something, which really affects them. Further we have got newspapers, billboards, displays etc. that also play a part in the field of visual communication. You can find visual communication in lots of sectors of society (if not all of them). Nowadays almost everybody is presenting himself or herself to the world. If we only look at the Internet, we will already discover pages of scouts, house agents, assistance organizations, pencil manufacturers, libraries, super markets etc. So everybody tries to present themselves and the easiest way is by using visual communication, because with this kind of communication everybody has got a great opportunity to express themselves and attract the right people. Visual communication is used by a lot of companies. They use it to communicate; present people information. There do exist a lot of communication professionals in this field. For example: Web designers, Graphic designers, Photographers, Filmmakers, Advertisement makers, Text Writers and Artists. Thanks to the technical revolution there are a lot more visual communication professionals now. The success of the Internet made a lot of companies re alize that this would be a new medium of visual communication and this medium would reach millions of people. So there is a large demand for visual communicators who are specialized on The Web. Such as: Web designers, Digital image-makers etc. Almost every company uses visual communication. A known company that operates in this sector is for example: Benneton. This is a clothing company that became famous with their shocking billboards without text with a photo of for example a man dying because he has A.I.D.S. These billboards shocked the world and everybody was talking about it. By using a photo, the company was communicating with people. The company was expressing their thoughts and ideas; it wanted that the rest of the world would take notice of this decease. The communication was successful, because it caused a response by the public. That was an example of traditional visual communication by using a photo; there are also a lot of known companies using new visual communications by using the Internet. For example, an Internet provider like World Online, uses a website to communicate with their target group. The website has to look good so it will attract people. If the website looks good it will give people the idea it is a professional and reliable organisation. On the Internet we found a couple of international organisations which were specialised on visual communication. For example; The International Visual Communication Organisation It is an organisation that keeps track of all the changes in the field and regularly holds meeting to inform all the visual communication specialists. There is also a professional journal that is called Visual Communications Quarterly. It is co-sponsored by the Viscom division (also a visual communication organisation) and the National Press Photographers. Bibliography:Resource list:The Media Institutewww.media.org/The Communication Research Centerwww.jou.ufl.edu/commres/crc.htmAssociation for education in journalism and Mass Communicationswww.facsnet.org.cgi-bin/New/facs/4149Media History Monographs: quarterly online journalwww.scripps.ohiou.edu/mediahistoryCED: the Premier Magazine of Broadband Communicationwww.cedmagazine.comwww.ivca.orgwww.viscom.apanet.orgwww.artic.eduwww.herron.iupui.eduThe Blake Agencyhttp://www.blakeagency.com/Anderson associateshttp://www.prexperts.com/public_relations_dir45.htmThe McRae Agencyhttp://www.mcraeagency.com/Who is in charge? Corporate communications or corporate marketing?A European survey amongst the top reputation leading companiesCentre for corporate communications, mem institute at the university of St. Gallen,Switzerland working paper, 1999 Markus Will, Malte Probst and Thomas SchmidtThe reputational Landscape1997 vol 1C. van Riel and C. Fombrun