The Passamaquoddy Indians Essays - , Term Papers

The Passamaquoddy Indians For several hundred years people have sought answers to the Indian problems, who are the Indians, and what rights do they have? These questions may seem simple, but the answers themselves present a difficult number of further questions and answers. State and Federal governments have tried to provide some order with a number of laws and policies, sometimes resulting in state and federal conflicts. The Federal Government's attempt to deal with Indian tribes can be easily understood by following the history of Federal Indian Policy. Indians all over the United States fought policies which threatened to destroy their familial bonds and traditions. The Passamaquoddy Indian Tribe of Maine, resisted no less than these other tribes, however, thereby also suffering a hostile anti-Indian environment from the Federal Government and their own State, Maine. But because the Passamaquoddy Tribe was located in such a remote area, they escaped many federal Indian policies. In order to make more eastern land available for settlement, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. This enabled the President of the United States to have power physically to move eastern Indian tribes to land west of the Mississippi River. Indian Title did not grant the Indians the power to sell their own lands. The result of which was that, the Indians went uncompensated for their lands and the Original Indian Title was forsaken. Although more than 70,000 Indians had been forcibly removed in a ten-year journey westward, a trip that became known as the Trail of Tears, the Passamaquoddy Indians remained in the northeast. This was possibly due to their remoteness and harsh winters of the North Atlantic coast. Between 1821 and 1839 the state of Maine allowed timber havesting of the Passamaquoddy land in direct violation of the 1794 treaty and later sold more of their lands without compensation (Brooks 3). The 1774 treaty was signed between the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the Passamaquoddy Tribe. The treaty stipulated that the tribe would surrender all claims to land in Massachusetts in exchange for 23,000 acres at Indian Township and ten acres at Pleasant Point. Indian Township is located just above Princeton, Maine, and Pleasant Point is located between Eastport and Perry, Maine. This treaty was signed after the enactment of the Trade and Intercourse Acts, which held that no treaties could be made with the Indians, except with federal approval. There was no federal approval with this treaty (Brooks 3). The State of Maine's courts in 1842 described Indians as charity cases and imbeciles, subject to paternal control by the state. After years of being forcibly removed or displaced by white settlers, the Passamaquoddy were reduced to living a meager existence form hunting, fishing, trapping, and craft making (Brooks 3). The General Allotment Act of 1887 was passed with the concept that if Indians were given individual plots of land, they would farm that land and assimilate into the white culture. Allotted parcels of land were given to families, and the excess lands were sold off. This resulted in a disastrous loss of Indian Land, from 138 million acres in 1887 to 48 million in 1834, 20 million of which was desert (Brooks 4). In 1924, Congress passed a law giving U.S. citizenship to all Indians born in the U.S., but individual states could still prohibit the Indians from voting. The state of Maine, in 1892, decided that the Passamaquoddy Tribe no longer existed. This meant that the tribe was subject to all state laws. In the education of the Indians, the goal was to eliminate all traces of Indianness in the children (Baussenron 38). The Great Depression in the 1930's made fewer jobs available for the Passamaquoddy. Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, based on the concept that the Allotment Act had been a complete failure (Baussenron 38). This new act helped the tribe in self-government and protected the land base of the tribes. It ended the Allotment Act and restored the surplus lands to the Indians. This land only included the land that had not already been sold off. The Act also encouraged tribes to adopt constitutions. However, this self-government still had to be approved by the federal government. Congress terminated a number of tribes. This meant

If liability for negligence exists, a thoughtless Essays

If liability for negligence exists, a thoughtless Essays If liability for negligence exists, a thoughtless Essay If liability for negligence exists, a thoughtless Essay â€Å" If liability for carelessness exists, a thoughtless faux pas or blooper may expose [ the suspect ] to a liability in an indeterminate sum for an undetermined clip to an undetermined category. The jeopardies of a concern conducted on these footings are so utmost as to conflagrate uncertainty as to whether a defect may non be in the deduction of a responsibility that exposes to these consequences.† [ Cardozo C.J. in Ultramares Corporation v. Touche ( 1931 ) ] . Does this development of English Law in relation to negligent misstatement and negligently inflicted economic loss suggest that such uncertainties are good, or ill, founded? Introduction â€Å" If liability for carelessness exists, a thoughtless faux pas or blooper may expose [ the suspect ] to a liability in an indeterminate sum for an undetermined clip to an undetermined category. The jeopardies of a concern conducted on these footings are so utmost as to conflagrate uncertainty as to whether a defect may non be in the deduction of a responsibility that exposes to these consequences.† This infusion came from Cardozo C.J’s determination in the instance ofUltramares Corporation V Touche[ 1 ] in the Court of Appeals of New York in 1931. Ultramares Corporation had originally sued George Touche ( an accounting house ) and others for amendss suffered through misstatements of the comptrollers. Their first cause of action was for negligent misstatements while the other was for deceitful misstatements. The justice expressed concern that infliction of liability for negligent misstatements would hold on concerns was so terrible as to do it necessary to see whether it would non be a error to enforce such liability. This concern has been echoed by British tribunals in several instances since so. It is my sentiment that the development of English jurisprudence in relation to negligent misstatement and negligently inflicted economic loss suggest the uncertainties he expressed are good founded. Main organic structure The action related to equilibrate sheets that had been prepared and certified by the comptrollers for one Fred Stern amp ; Co. Inc. Based on these balance sheets, Ultramares Corporation entered into some recognition minutess with Fred Stern amp ; Co. Inc. There was no uncertainty that the comptrollers had so been negligent in fixing the balance sheets. What the tribunal considered in the instance was whether or non the carelessness constituted an actionable incorrect to the palintiff. In the first case, the 2nd cause of action was dismissed but the tribunal found for the palintiffs on the first cause- that for carelessness. On entreaty, the appellant tribunal reversed the determination on carelessness cause of action. The enunciation cited above came from a cross entreaty instance brought by the plaintiff/ claimants. It had already been established inDonoghue V Stevenson[ 2 ] that liability could be established for negligent actions that cause others and since it was a first, the determination in the instance besides suggested that the classs of carelessness were non closed and that civil wrong was non limited to particular classs of responsibility of attention. [ 3 ] After this determination, it became inevitable that the kingdom of liability would widen finally beyond that for physical injury. It has and that is why in instances afterwards tribunals considered whether to widen the boundaries to include economic loss due to negligent statements as opposed to merely amendss for physical harm due to negligent Acts of the Apostless or skips. InHedley Byrne A ; Co. Ltd c Heller A ; Spouses, [ 4 ] which was decided in 1964, the tribunal decided that the suspects would hold been apt for negligent misstatements, had their contract with the claimants non included a disclaimer that their statements were made without duty. This determination suggested that in instances where there are no disclaimers in the contract, there would be liability and therefore amendss would be awarded. One would believe that with such a case in point, tribunals would present amendss more frequently for negligent misstatements. But tribunals have by and large been loath to delegate this liability in instances before them. One ground for this is the fright expressed by Cardozo CJ inUltramares Corporation V Touche.If granted, the liability could be illimitable both in footings of clip and sum of amendss and suers. Besides, as was noted by Lord Reid inHedley Byrne, whereas, with goods, it would be unusual for negligently made articles to be put in circulation, it was far more usual for someone’s words to be broadcast even to audiences he/she neer intended for it to be broadcast. It would so be unreasonable to keep such a individual apt when another oarty suffers amendss through trust on these statements. It has been suggested that trials be applied in order to find liability of the writer of the statement. One such trial is the presence of voluntary premise of duty. Using this trial to theUltramaresinstance would propose that the accountants’ certification could represent such voluntary premise. In using this trial nevertheless, a possible job would be determining which parties the voluntary premise was made to. A party could do a voluntary premise without cognizing what parties would move on the dorsum of their statement. The ‘limitlessness’ of the liability could therefore, still exist. InCaparo Industries v Dickman[ 5 ] , Lord Oliver noted that â€Å"the chances for the imposition of monetary loss from the imperfect public presentation of mundane undertakings upon the proper public presentation of which people rely for modulating their personal businesss are limitless and the effects are far-reaching† . Another trial that has been suggested is the trial of sensible trust of the claimant. This was supported by Lord Morris’ pronouncement inHedley Byrne. [ 6 ] Harmonizing to this trial, a responsibility of attention exists when a â€Å"person takes it upon himself to give information or advice to, or let his information or advice to be passed on to another individual who, as he knows or should cognize will put trust on it.† Whatever trials are applied, it seems necessary that the regulation in Hedley Byrne needs to be limited in some manner or the other. The premise of duty trial has been applied in many English instances. InWilliams v Natural Life Health Foods Ltd[ 7 ],Lord Steyn asserted that ‘there is no better rationalisation for the relevant caput of civil wrong liability than premise of responsibility’ . [ 8 ] In instances likeSmith V Bush[ 9 ] andSpring V Guardian Assurance[ 10 ] though, the trial was held non to use. In Smith, because there was held non to hold been a voluntary premise of liability because there was a disclaimer and in Spring because the advise was given to a 3rd party. However, in the two instances, there was held to hold been liability for carelessness. It has therefore been suggested that even when the regulation in Hedley Byrne does non use, the tribunals mat still travel in front to present amendss every bit long as economic injury is foreseeable. [ 11 ] Courts have besides stressed the importance of a particular relationship between the claimant and the suspect. [ 12 ] It besides seems that tribunals have besides been loath to present amendss for liability in instances of negligent misstatement because redress may be available from elsewhere. For case, particularly in two party instances, there may be a breach of contract and the complainant may be able to claim amendss. In some other instances, the complainant may be able to claim under the Misrepresentation Act 1967. I n some other instances, It may be possible to turn out deceitful misstatements. Second, an action in economic jog may non be necessary every bit long as action in carelessness exists. Once a tribunal finds that there has been negligence, it could travel in front and award general amendss for carelessness without holding to travel into economic civil wrongs and economic loss which would balloon the liability out of proportion. In instances where carelessness has resulted in amendss seeable amendss to concern, tribunals should take this into consideration in presenting amendss without needfully carving out a separate civil wrong over which there would be small or no control. Businesss would non be able to anticipate or forestall some of the amendss that may originate from statements that they have made negligently even if they have voluntarily assumed duty. Decision If a universal regulation where to be created, presenting amendss whenever person suffers on the dorsum of misstatements made by person else whether or non they bound by contract or an project, the liability would so be limitless and the range of application would non be governable and there would non be an terminal to judicial proceeding. English tribunals have hence expressed and exercised cautiousness in presenting amendss for fright that a cosmopolitan regulation may emerge which would take to untold adversity and hinder effectual behavior of concern. Doubt hence, does be, in my sentiment, that a defect may be in the deduction of a responsibility that exposes to guess to concern that may originate from the being of liability for carelessness. Bibliography Carty H. â€Å" An analysis of the Economic Torts† ( 2001 ) Oxford, Clarendon Press Deakin S. , Johnston A. And Markesinis B â€Å"Markesisnis and Deakin’s Tort Law† ( Fifth Edition ) [ 2003 ] Oxford, Clarendon Press Stapleton J. â€Å"Duty of Care and Economic Loss: a wider agenda† 107 LQR ( 1991 ) 249 Cases Caparo Industries v Dickman[ 1990 ] 2 AC 605 Donoghue V Stevenson[ 1932 ] AC 562, HL Hedley Byrne A ; Co. Ltd c Heller A ; Spouses[ 1964 ] AC 465 Ultramares Corporation V Touche255 N.Y. 170, 174 N.E. 441, 74 A.L.R. 1139 Williams v Natural Life Health Foods Ltd[ 1999 ] 1 WLR 831 Smith V Bush[ 1990 ] 1 AC 831 Spring V Guardian Assurance[ 1995 ] 2 AC 296 Peabody v Parkinson[ 1985 ] AC 210 1

Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community - Essay Example A number of various factors tension the cohesion of the group. The greatest tension affecting the group is unethical use of instant messaging platforms. Some people use instant messaging to propagate hate speech, racial sentiments, and biased political ideas among other unethical uses. Another cause of tension of the cohesion in this community is that information that is sent on this community may not be appealing to all classes of people in this community. I am a regular user of this instant messaging. In one of my instant messaging community, I fit by finding friends who I know. These friends are my classmates and my former classmates, my sisters and brothers, my parents and relatives, as well as friends who I hang out with during weekends, games, and window-shopping. I want to be part of this community because I find it entertaining to socialize with my fellow friends. The community is also informative and thus of great value to its members. I get to know other friends who I may not have come across physically in this group too. It provides a great network of friends, information, and

Week 9 Discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 9 Discussion 2 - Assignment Example It is also significant in demonstrating the cash generating ability of the company which balance sheet the balance sheet fails to show. It reveals the cash needed to maintain plant efficiency and level of operations. It provides information regarding the liquidity of the firm stock issuance, dividend payment, plant asset disposal, machinery purchase, and net change in inventory, accounts receivable and payable. The balance sheet conceals most of this information (Comiskey & Mulford, 2005). Cash flow statements reports cash movements in operating, investing and financing activities thus helping investors and creditors to generate future cash flows through estimations on amounts, unpredictability of future cash flows and timing. It also provides a basis of setting debts, paying employees and honoring dividends. The net income determines whether the company is making a profit or a loss making it easier for creditors, employees and stockholders to judge the profitability of the company (Marius & Oberholster, 2007). Any financial statement reader easily understands the change of assets and liabilities within the trading period. Cash flows help the stockholders to obtain information regarding the dividend due. For instance, in 2010 Google piled more than $26 billion amounting to about 20% of the value of the company. It was prompted to release much of cash to shareholders (Marius & Oberholster,

Police Essay Example for Free

Police Essay Police generally perceive the risk of injury, assault, and even death to be greatest for domestic violence calls. Why do police have these beliefs, and what is the reality of the situation? When responding to calls few inspire more dread among police officers than answering to a domestic call. Police have generally the perception of risk of injury, assault and even death. There is always this perception among police officers when answering domestic calls. Such perception cannot be avoided because domestic calls most often than not have the element of unpredictability. Emotions are high and this can run even higher if coupled with drugs and alcohol. Indeed, responding to a domestic call can be very risky on the part of the police officers. When they respond to such call, they are perceived as the threat instead of being the protector. Traditionally, a police officer would respond to a call and restore peace as soon as possible and then clear from the call. The community policing philosophy dictates that the officer review of the problem, analyze it and try to come up with a solution to the problem. (Denise Papagno). However, this theory is not realistic at all. Upon responding to a domestic call, the police officer enters into a domestic abode as a protector, but in the eyes of the owners of the abode despite his good intentions, he will always be the intruder. Hence, the police officer cannot effectively do his job especially if the victim refuses to leave and instead would insist in not doing anything or even file a complaint for that matter. It is essentially difficult for police officers to face and respond to domestic calls as society now views domestic calls as a serious crime and not merely a private family quarrel. The fact that not all of the police are educated in handling domestic issues or why the victim does not leave her abuser or why the batterer abuses the victim. Because of this, the police fail to understand victims of domestic calls and are less inclined to help them in the next call. In your opinion, what is the most problematic myth associated with policing? Explain your answer. As early as the 18th century, police work or policing is associated in being a night watchman. The job basically entails maintaining order against threats to order itself – wild animals, fire or unruly behaviour. However, at the turn of the century, policing has evolved into something more than being a night watchman. Police not only has to maintain order in their respective communities but they are also tasked to solve and fight crimes. Hence, the notion that police can solve any crime reported to them grew. As crime fighters, this notion has proven to be an additional burden to policing. Even simple and private nuisances such as littering, drunkenness and unruly behaviour are called in and reported to the police. Hence, this takes up on the workload of policing instead of focusing more on the serious crime-solving work. But together with the notion of being crime-fighters came the myth of police brutality. The average citizen sees policemen as having â€Å"zero-tolerance†. For example, in domestic calls, instead of turning in their abuser, victims would opt not to do anything for fear of the police. If they fear their abusers, victims fear the police more. It does not help that there are also police mandates such as that of Rudy Giuliani who implemented a version of Broken Windows policing across New York City. Thus, policemen were tasked to become aggressive in stamping out public disorder such as drunkenness, jaywalking and noisiness. In reality however, policing is not just being brutal and aggressive towards those lawbreakers. The concept of â€Å"community policing† has made advancement in policing. Thus, police officers who are on foot patrol have elevated the common myth about policing because admittedly, an officer who is inside the squad car and safely sealed inside cannot relate with the other people from the neighbourhood.

Faith and Reason in The Nineteenth Century Essay -- Essays Papers

Faith and Reason in The Nineteenth Century Throughout history, there have been many trends and patterns that have allowed humankind to learn from its mistakes. This reflection on the past is an important characteristic that distinguishes humans from all other life on earth. To make sure that humans do not fall into the same evil devices that our forefathers did, we must examine how our faith and reason has progressed through the past few centuries. Reason began to be the sole factor that effected the direction life was taking. This rationalism even crept into the sphere of religious influence. In Europe during the nineteenth century, human reason made strides toward modernism by shifting focus onto the individual, and by applying what we had learned as a whole, thinkers intellectual advancements were used for the betterment of industry and society. During this same period in time, the church's power was subordinated to that of the state for the first time. In Europe, and especially in the tumultuous nation of France, the church faced fierce attacks from the governments of the nations. In France, this was more apparent than anywhere else. When the new government of Robespierre and the council of public safety came to power, they put vast restrictions on the power held by the Roman Catholic Church in France. To begin with, the government took church owned lands to pay off large amounts of debt that existed prior to the revolution. This was not an overly popular decision with the church. To further control the church, the National Assembly issued the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This document placed the church below the state in the overall hierarchy of power. To put the loyalties of the divided clergy to the tes... ... found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 180. 7 Child Labor as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 130. 8 Child Labor as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 130. 9 Marx, Karl and Fiedrich Engels. The Communist Manifestoà ® as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 149. 10 Marx and Engels. The Communist Manifesto as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 150. 11 Owen, Robert. Utopian Socialism as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 148. 12 Mazzini, Guiseppe. The Duties of Man as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 166. 13 Mazzini, Guiseppe. The Duties of Man as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 166. 14 Mazzini, Guiseppe. The Duties of Man as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 165. 15 Mazzini, Guiseppe. The Duties of Man as found in Aspects of Western Civilization, 165.

Eco Friendly Structures

Major elements of green building design which are: Sustainable Site Design Key Principles: Minimize urban sprawl and needless destruction of valuable land, habitat and green space, which results from inefficient low-density development. Encourage higher density urban development, urban re-development and urban renewal, and brownfield development as a mearns to preserve valuable green space. Preserve key environmental assets through careful examination of each site.Engage in a design and construction process that minimizes site disturbance and which values, preserves and actually restores or regenerates valuable habitat, green space and associated eco-systems that are vital to sustaining life. Water Quality and Conservation Key Principles: Preserve the existing natural water cycle and design site and building improvements such that they closely emulate the site’s natural â€Å"pre-development† hydrological systems. Emphasis should be placed on retention of storm water an d on-site infiltration and ground water recharge using methods that closely emulate natural systems.Minimize the unnecessary and inefficient use of potable water on the site while maximizing the recycling and reuse of water, including harvested rainwater, storm water, and gray water. Energy and Environment Key Principles: Minimize adverse impacts on the environment (air, water, land, natural resources) through optimized building siting, optimized building design, material selection, and aggressive use of energy conservation measures. Resulting building performance should exceed minimum International Energy Code (IEC) compliance level by 30 to 40% or more. Maximize the use of renewable energy and other low impact energy sources.Indoor Environmental Quality Key Principles: Provide a healthy, comfortable and productive indoor environment for building occupants and visitors. Provide a building design, which affords the best possible conditions in terms of indoor air quality, ventilation , thermal comfort, access to natural ventilation and daylighting, and effective control of the acoustical environment. Materials and Resources Key Principles: Minimize the use of non-renewable construction materials and other resources such as energy and water through efficient engineering, design, planning and construction and effective recycling of construction debris.Maximize the use of recycled content materials, modern resource efficient engineered materials, and resource efficient composite type structural systems wherever possible. Maximize the use of re-usable, renewable, sustainably managed, bio-based materials. Remember that human creativity and our abundant labor force is perhaps our most valuable renewable resource. The best solution is not necessarily the one that requires the least amount of physical work.